Key Takeaways
- The Pentagon will become the largest shareholder in MP Materials through a $400 million investment in preferred stock, aiming to secure the U.S. rare earth supply chain.
- MP Materials (MP) shares surged 50% following the announcement, and the government stake could potentially reach 15% with the inclusion of warrants and convertible shares.
- The focus now shifts to the construction of a new magnet facility, Pentagon-backed demand guarantees, and the potential expansion of public-private mineral partnerships.
Pentagon Secures Rare Earth Supply
The U.S. Department of Defense is set to become the largest shareholder in MP Materials (MP) after agreeing to a $400 million preferred stock deal, a landmark move to shore up the nation’s critical minerals supply chain. MP Materials owns and operates the only functioning rare earths mine in the U.S., located at Mountain Pass, California. Rare earths are essential for manufacturing permanent magnets used in advanced military systems such as the F-35 fighter jet, drones, and submarines.
This investment, announced Thursday, aims to expand MP’s processing capabilities and bolster domestic magnet production, reducing U.S. dependence on foreign sources, particularly China, which supplied roughly 70% of America’s rare earth imports in 2023, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The Pentagon’s direct equity stake comes amid escalating trade tensions and growing concerns over Chinese control of critical mineral markets.
Public-Private Supply Chain Buildout
Alongside the equity investment, the Pentagon will support the construction of a second U.S.-based magnet manufacturing facility by MP Materials (MP), expected to start commissioning in 2028. The new plant, whose location is undisclosed, will expand MP’s annual rare earth magnet output to 10,000 metric tons, which is enough to “meaningfully support U.S. defense and commercial needs,” according to CEO James Litinsky.
Under a 10-year agreement, the Pentagon will purchase all magnets produced at the new facility, dubbed “10X,” to guarantee offtake for defense and commercial applications. MP Materials also expects to receive a $150 million loan from the Pentagon, scheduled to be funded within 30 days, to expand rare-earth separation at its Mountain Pass mine. JPMorgan and Goldman Sachs have committed $1 billion in financing for the facility, highlighting significant private sector involvement in the public-private partnership. These measures are designed to accelerate the domestic supply chain and mitigate risks posed by overseas concentration.
Deal Structure and Market Response
The Pentagon’s preferred shares and 10-year warrant—convertible at $30.03 per share—could grant the government a 15% stake in MP Materials (MP), surpassing the stakes of other major shareholders. The deal also features a 10-year price-floor commitment: the Pentagon will ensure MP receives at least $110 per kilogram for neodymium-praseodymium oxide (NdPr), compensating the company if market prices drop below that level while sharing 30 % of any upside above $110
If market prices fall below this floor, the government will provide quarterly cash payments to MP; if prices rise above $110, the Pentagon receives 30% of the upside. CEO Litinsky emphasized the commercial nature of the partnership and noted potential returns for taxpayers. Following the announcement, MP shares surged by 50% as investors responded to the government’s backing and increased long-term demand visibility. The arrangement may serve as a blueprint for future U.S. government investments in critical minerals, with further sector support possible depending on evolving geopolitical and market risks.
